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    10/4/2009

    物理知识普及之2006年诺贝尔物理奖

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    2006年诺贝尔物理学奖绶予George Smoot和John Mather,以表彰他们发现了宇宙微波背景辐射的黑体形式和各向异性(for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation)。

    目前科学界普遍接受的宇宙起源理论认为,宇宙诞生于距今约137亿年前的一次大爆炸。微波背景辐射作为大爆炸的“余烬”,均匀地分布于宇宙空间。测量宇宙中的微波背景辐射,可以“回望”宇宙的“婴儿时代”场景,并了解宇宙中恒星和星系的形成过程。

    虽然人们在上世纪60年代就已知道微波背景辐射的存在,但针对这种大爆炸“余烬”的测量工作一开始都是在地面上展开,进展十分缓慢。大爆炸理论曾预测,微波背景辐射应该具有黑体辐射特性,但一直未能得到地面观测结果的确认。

    借助1989年发射的COBE卫星,Mather和Smoot领导的1000多人研究团队首次完成了对宇宙微波背景辐射的太空观测研究。他们对COBE卫星测量结果进行分析计算后发现,宇宙微波背景辐射与黑体辐射非常吻合,从而为大爆炸理论提供了进一步支持。

    另外,Mather和Smoot等还借助COBE卫星的测量发现,宇宙微波背景辐射在不同方向上温度有着极其微小的差异,也就是说存在所谓的各向异性。这种微小差异揭示了宇宙中的物质如何积聚成恒星和星系。诺贝尔奖评审委员会提供的材料介绍说,如果没有这样一种机制,那么今天的宇宙很可能完全不是现在这个样子,其中的物质也许像淤泥一样均匀分布。

    Mather和Smoot等人实现了对微波背景辐射的精确测量,标志着宇宙学进入了“精确研究”时代。著名科学家霍金评论说,COBE项目的研究成果堪称20世纪最重要的科学成就。在COBE项目的基础上,耗资1.45亿美元的美国“威尔金森微波各向异性探测器”2001年进入太空,对宇宙微波背景辐射进行了更精确的观测。而欧洲“普朗克”卫星不久也将发射升空,继续提高研究的精确度。

    (from The Big Bang Theory S02EP17)

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